This assignment is to be worked alongside other homework and is due at the class period following the midterm exam. Though you should do reading and start thinking about the issues right away, details will make most sense after we have made some progress with other assignments.

O propósito deste trabalho é enfrentar o seguinte problema: que possibilidades a autonomia e a descentralização educacional apresentam para uma efetiva educação no Estado Democrático de Direito? Construir autonomia a partir de uma descentralização educacional implica “mudanças culturais” profundas nas pessoas. Assim, o presente trabalho objetiva discutir sobre a autonomia e a descentralização educacional. O conceito de descentralização e autonomia indicam a importância para o Estado Democrático de Direito. O método de trabalho foi o hipotético-dedutivo versando sobre o conceito de (...) autonomia que consiste na construção de conjecturas e situações que permitem alcançar os objetivos da pesquisa. (shrink)

This paper aims to offer an analysis of rape culture through social cognitivism, specially using the moral disengagement mechanisms developed by Albert Bandura. Through this perspective, we intend to critically debate the approaches that explain the recurrence of rape by the evolutionary prism, as proposed by Steven Pinker. Our hypothesis, developed throughout the text, is that rape is a social phenomenon, a consequence of legal, linguistic and cultural permissiveness of violence against women in social contexts marked by sexism and misogyny. (...) Keywords: Social cognitivism. Moral disengagement. Rape. Sexism. Evolutionary psychology. (shrink)

The moral presentation: an essay on Merleau-Ponty's notion of time in the Phenomenology of Perception: The purpose of this essay is to investigate the notion of memory in Merleau-Ponty, suggesting a possible interpretation of the time and memory within Merleau-Ponty’s genetic phenomenological analysis. Ultimately, our hypothesis is that Merleau-Ponty’s understanding of the problem of representation and perception - particularly the problem of retention - places an ethical ground in perception. We will suggest that the phenomenological approach to memory might pave (...) a different undertaking of morals as constructed in the living-present. Our objective is then to point a moral dimension to the process of presentation-representation that happens in consciousness, and establish that our way into the comprehension of values has both a passive and active dimension that is often underdeveloped in studies of how we establish moral and political convictions. Keywords: Time, Memory, Representation, Perception, Ethics A presentação moral: um ensaio sobre a noção de tempo de Merleau-Ponty na Fenomenologia da Percepção Resumo: O propósito desse ensaio é instigar a ideia de memória em Merleau-Ponty, sugerindo uma possível interpretação de tempo e memória dentro da análise genética-fenomenológica de Merleau-Ponty. Em última medida, nossa hipótese é que o entendimento de Merleau-Ponty sobre o problema da representação e da percepção - particularmente o problema da retenção - coloca um fundamento ético para a percepção. Nós iremos sugerir que a abordagem fenomenológica para a memória pode nos dar um diferente modo de análise da moral enquanto construída no presente-vivido. Nosso objetivo é então apontar para uma dimensão moral para o processo de apresentação-representação que acontece na consciência e estabelecê-lo como um caminho para nossa representação consciente, entendendo que nosso modo de compreensão tem tanto uma dimensão intencionalmente ativa quanto passiva que é frequentemente pouco desenvolvida em estudos sobre nossos estabelecimento de convicções morais e políticas. Palavras chaves: Tempo, Memória, Representação, Percepção, Ética La presentación moral: un ensayo sobre la noción de tiempo de Merleau-Ponty en la Fenomenología de la Percepción Resumen: El propósito de este ensayo es instigar la idea de memoria en Merleau-Ponty, sugiriendo una posible interpretación del tiempo y la memoria dentro del análisis genético-fenomenológico de Merleau-Ponty. En última instancia, nuestra hipótesis es que la comprensión de Merleau-Ponty del problema de la representación y la percepción, particularmente el problema de la retención, sienta una base ética para la percepción. Sugeriremos que el enfoque fenomenológico de la memoria puede darnos un modo diferente de análisis moral a medida que se integra en el presente. Nuestro objetivo es, entonces, señalar una dimensión moral al proceso de presentación-representación que tiene lugar en la conciencia y establecerlo como un camino hacia nuestra representación consciente, entendiendo que nuestro modo de comprensión tiene una dimensión intencionalmente activa y pasiva que a menudo se entiende mal. desarrollado en estudios de nuestro establecimiento de creencias morales y políticas. Palavras clave: Tiempo, Memoria, Representación, Percepción, Ética Data de registro: 03/09/2019 Data de aceite: 22/07/2020. (shrink)

This book empirically investigates the social practice of ascribing moral responsibility to others for the things they failed to do, and it discusses the philosophical relevance of this practice.0In our everyday life, we often blame others for things they failed to do. For instance, we might blame our neighbour for not watering our plants during our vacation. Interestingly, the attribution of blame is typically accompanied by the attribution of causal responsibility. We do not only blame our neighbour for not watering (...) our plants, but we do so because we believe that not watering the plants caused them to dry up and die. In this book, I investigate how we make moral and causal judgments about omissions. I discuss different philosophical perspectives on this matter, and I outline to what extent the actual social practice is in line with philosophical theories. (shrink)

Provability, Computability and Reflection.

A hard difficulty in Astrobiology is the precise definition of what life is. All living beings have a cellular structure, so it is not possible to have a broader concept of life hence the search for extraterrestrial life is restricted to extraterrestrial cells. Earth is an astronomical rarity because it is difficult for a planet to present liquid water on the surface. Two antagonistic bioethical principles arise: planetary protection and terraforming. Planetary protection is based on the fear of interplanetary cross-infection (...) and possible ecological damages caused by alien living beings. Terraforming is the intention of modifying the environmental conditions of the neighbouring planets in such a way that human colonisation would be possible. The synthesis of this antagonism is ecopoiesis, a concept related to the creation of new ecosystems in other planets. Since all the multicellular biodiversity requires oxygen to survive, only extremophile microorganisms could survive in other planets. So, it could be carried out a simulation of a meteorite by taking to other planets portions of the terrestrial permafrost, or ocean or soil, so that if a single species could grow, a new ecosystem would start, as well as a new Natural History. As a conclusion, ecopoiesis should be the bioethical principle to guide practices and research in Astrobiology. (shrink)

Biographies.- Œuvres mathématiques.- Œuvres physiques.- Lettres et opuscules.- Abrégé de la vie de Jésus-Christ.- Les provinciales.- La suite des provinciales.- Les écrits sur la grace.- Fragments divers.- Pensées.

This article explores how Levinas’s analysis of family relations (paternity, filiality, fecundity, and maternity) and the ethical relationship to the other (requiring both a paradoxical process of separation and the aptitude to be ethically ordained) can retrospectively enlighten our understanding of King Lear. It first shows how, in the Shakespearean tragedy, Levinas’s ethical answer, “here I am,” cannot be dissociated from fearless speech, which becomes the manifestation of the ethical relationship to the other. It then focuses on the Levinasian paradox (...) of “separation” as a prerequisite to the ethical relationship, and sees how this is radically distorted in the families presented in King Lear. It finally considers Levinas’s idea of maternity as a responsibility for others to the point of substitution, to questions the absence of mothers in King Lear and argue that the denouement of the tragedy can be regarded as a gender-reversed variation on the mater dolorosa motif. (shrink)

La présente contribution analyse un texte célèbre de Grégoire de Rimini, extrait de son commentaire des Sentences publié à Paris en 1346, livre II, distinction 34-37, question 1, qui demande « si Dieu est la cause efficiente immédiate du péché actuel ». Ce texte porte sur les fondements de l’éthique. Grégoire de Rimini y affirme en substance que si Dieu n’existait pas, agir contre la droite raison équivaudrait tout de même à commettre un mal. Ce texte est considéré comme la (...) première formulation de l’autonomie de la morale par un théologien philosophe. On en propose ici une relecture, attentive à sa logique argumentative et au jeu des autorités tirées du De libero arbitrio d’Augustin qu’il met en œuvre. L’Ordre des Ermites de Saint Augustin est associé de multiples manières au renouveau de l’augustinisme dès la période du premier humanisme de Pétrarque (1304-1374). La façon dont Grégoire de Rimini traite la question des racines de l’agir moral illustre à quel point il figure au premier plan du renouveau scolastique et humaniste de l’érudition augustinienne au xiv e siècle. (shrink)

Résumé L’étude raisonnée de la tradition manuscrite des œuvres de saint Thomas, menée par la Commission Léonine depuis sa fondation, est à l’origine d’un renouvellement considérable de l’approche de l’œuvre du maître dominicain. Elle a permis de confirmer la liste des œuvres authentiques, d’en restaurer le texte déformé par de multiples blessures au cours des siècles, et aussi d’esquisser, grâce notamment à l’examen graphologique des manuscrits autographes, le profil personnel de Thomas écrivain. Les conditions de travail du théologien ont été (...) élucidées et la signification de son entreprise a pu être située dans les enjeux d’une époque. Si l’accès aux données objectives de l’histoire semble avoir affranchi la réception de l’œuvre des polémiques issues de la Réforme, il pose également de nouvelles conditions aux thomismes d’aujourd’hui. Les nombreuses traductions d’œuvres de saint Thomas d’après le texte de l’édition léonine sont un signe supplémentaire de l’actuel renouvellement de sa lecture et de sa diffusion. (shrink)

La musique occupe une place significative dans la pensée de Gilles Deleuze, de la musique contemporaine aux musiques baroque, classique et romantique, et plus largement à l'ensemble des signaux sonores. Sollicitée au niveau expressif, technique, historique, non moins qu'anthropologique et politique, la musique prend part aux grands concepts deleuzo-guattariens - ritournelle, rhizome, agencements, machines - pour n'en citer que quelques-uns, désormais traduits dans de nombreuses langues. Un état des lieux des relations que la musique entretient avec la pensée de Gilles (...) Deleuze - domaine qui n'a pas encore fait l'objet d'une recherche approfondie en France - est apparu nécessaire. Ce premier ouvrage collectif en français réunit les travaux de musicologues, ethnomusicologues, compositeurs, philosophes et théoriciens de l'art qui font appel au corpus de sa pensée dans le domaine musical. Comment Deleuze s'inspire-t-il et s'instruit-t-il de la pratique musicale qui lui est contemporaine pour créer ses concepts, et en retour, quelle est l'incidence des lectures de ses textes sur la création, la musicologie, l'esthétique, l'ethnomusicologie, les techniques et les technologies musicales? Ce livre entend repérer l'impact de ces outils de pensée sur la recherche et la création musicale contemporaine tant pour l'approche des cultures orales que pour les besoins de l'analyse ou ceux de l'écriture. (shrink)

Dans cet article, nous explorons le concept de radicalité à partir de la pensée politique d’Albert Camus. Au travers des concepts d’absurde, de révolte et de mesure chez Camus, nous tenterons de comprendre le rapport entre violence et radicalité. Pour Camus, la racine propre à l’homme est double; elle se révèle dans une tension fondamentale entre liberté et égalité. En ce sens, la posture radicale de l’homme apparaît dans la mesure et la limite, plutôt que dans une forme d’absolu ou (...) d’extrémisme. La seule démesure souhai- table, selon Camus, est l’amour, qui est le propre des « saints ». Nous illustrerons la radicalité telle que pensée par Camus par le cas du suicide politique. Nous tenterons de cerner ce qui, d’une part, fait du suicide politique un phénomène qu’on pourrait associer à une forme de sainteté païenne et, d’autre part, ce qui explique que le terrorisme, ou toute autre forme de violence sur autrui, est, selon Camus, non radical. (shrink)

This article seeks to explain how and why groups and networks of undocumented migrants mobilizing in Berlin, Montréal, and Paris since the beginning of the 2000s construct different types of claims. The authors explore the relationship between undocumented migrants and state authorities at the local level through the concept of the citizenship regime and its specific application to undocumented migrants. Despite their common formal exclusion from citizenship, nonstatus migrants experience different degrees and forms of exclusion in their daily lives, in (...) terms of access to certain rights and services, recognition, and belonging within the state. As a result, they have an opportunity to create different, specific forms of leeway in the society in which they live. The concurrence of these different degrees of exclusion and different forms of leeway defines specific conditions of mobilization. The authors demonstrate how the content of their claims is influenced by these conditions of mobilization. (shrink)

La linguistique de corpus a fait avancer ces dernières années l’étude du cliché linguistique en mettant au point des techniques de repérage et de calcul de fréquence de suites syntaxiques à classes de mots identiques. Ce qu’elle appelle le « motif séquenciel » peut trouver une pertinence en analyse du discours en particulier quand il sert de révélateur d’un langage communautaire forgé par des locuteurs en relation idéologique. C’est ce que confirme la présence de motifs séquenciels à lexèmes de même (...) série morphologique dans deux récits sentimentaux publiés à Lyon dans les années 1540. Les formules reprises à l’identique ou sous forme de variante dans les Comptes amoureux et Philandre participent à l’énoncé d’une morale amoureuse défendant de manière polémique la liberté des sujets et l’union charnelle. Ce type de récurrences constitue une manière stimulante d’aborder le phénomène de la variation linguistique dans son interaction avec un réseau communautaire. (shrink)

La porno straight est un genre littéraire, photographique et cinématographique socialement et historiquement situé, facilement accessible, jusque dans l’univers domestique – le câble – et le domaine professionnel – les écrans de veille. Je ne connais pas la pornographie..

This paper presents a way of classifying different forms of naturalness and unnaturalness. Three main forms of (un)naturalness are found as the following: history- based (un)naturalness, property-based (un)naturalness and relation-based (un)naturalness. Numerous subforms (and some subforms of the subforms) of each are presented. The subforms differ with respect to the entities that are found (un)natural, with respect to their all-inclusiveness, and whether (un)naturalness is seen as all-or-nothing affair, or a continuous gradient. This kind of conceptual analysis is needed, first, because (...) discussion concerning (un)naturalness is common in current bioethics and environmental ethics, and second, because the terms natural and unnatural are highly ambiguous. Thus, the lack of an exact definition of the type of (un)naturalness may lead into equivocation, other forms of bad argumentation, or at least vagueness. (shrink)

Recent research on thick terms like “rude” and “friendly” has revealed a polarity effect, according to which the evaluative content of positive thick terms like “friendly” and “courageous” can be more easily canceled than the evaluative content of negative terms like “rude” and “selfish”. In this paper, we study the polarity effect in greater detail. We first demonstrate that the polarity effect is insensitive to manipulations of embeddings (Study 1). Second, we show that the effect occurs not only for thick (...) terms but also for thin terms such as “good” or “bad” (Study 2). We conclude that the polarity effect indicates a pervasive asymmetry between positive and negative evaluative terms. (shrink)

The standard view in philosophy is that responsibility entails causation. Most philosophers treat this entailment claim as an evident insight into the ordinary concepts of responsibility and causation. Further, it is taken to be equally obvious that the reversal of this claim does not hold: causation does not entail responsibility. In contrast, Sytsma and Livengood have put forward an account of the use of ordinary causal attributions (statements like “X caused Y”) that contends that they are typically used interchangeably with (...) responsibility attributions (statements like “X is responsible for Y”). Put in terms of the concepts at play in these attributions, this account suggests that the reversal of the entailment claim may also hold, and, a fortiori, there would be mutual entailment between the ordinary concepts of responsibility and causation. Using the cancellability test, we report the results of three pre-registered studies providing empirical evidence that causation and responsibility are mutually entailed by each other. (shrink)

Pascal was a scientist and man of the world who came to be a passionately devout Christian. The fragments of his great defense of Christianity, left unfinished at his death in 1662, survive in the form of the Pensees. This series of brief, dramatic notes on his religious convictions are here translated into English. These thoughts expose Pascal's vision of the world and display powerful reasoning and a profound faith.

Deceptive implicatures are a subtle communicative device for leading someone into a false belief. However, it is widely accepted that deceiving by means of deceptive implicature does not amount to lying. In this paper, we put this claim to the empirical test and present evidence that the traditional definition of lying might be too narrow to capture the folk concept of lying. Four hundred participants were presented with fourteen vignettes containing utterances that communicate conversational implicatures which the speaker believes to (...) be false. We further collected several potential proxy measures of lying, to get a better understanding of when a deceptive implicature is considered a case of lying. The results indicate that most implicatures (ten out of fourteen) were evaluated as lies and that lie ratings were closely tracked by the degree to which speakers were considered to have committed themselves to the truth of the content conveyed by their deceptive implicatures. (shrink)

This paper investigates the role of a pre-existing body-model that is an enabling constraint for the incorporation of objects into the body. This body-model is also a basis for the distinction between body extensions (e.g., in the case of tool-use) and incorporation (e.g., in the case of successful prosthesis use). It is argued that, in the case of incorporation, changes in the sense of body-ownership involve a reorganization of the body-model, whereas extension of the body with tools does not involve (...) changes in the sense of body-ownership. (shrink)

Livres [1] P. Engel, Identité et référence, la théorie des noms propres chez Frege et Kripke, Paris : Presses de l’École normale supérieure. [2] P. Engel, La Norme du vrai, philosophie de la logique, Paris : Gallimard, 3e éd. [3] P. Engel, The Norm of Truth, An Introduction to the Philosophy of Logic, New York : Harvester Wheatsheaf. Traduction en anglais de [2] par P. Engel & M. Kochan. [4] P. Engel, États d’esprit, questions de philosophie de l’esprit, Aix-en-Pro...